Karya tahun 2008

METAPHORS AND UTTERANCES REJECTED OF LANGUAGE CHOISE IN PAREAN GIRANG VILLAGE OF KANDANGHAUR KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU WEST JAVA

By: Yudha Andana Prawira
Email: yudhaandanaprawira@kemenag.go.id

Abstract:

Situation, profession, education, job, and the environment, can interference that code mixing and switching code. This happens in every language. Researchers try to apply the theory proposed Glumperz (1977) and Fasold (2001).


The research was conducted in the area of ​​Parean Girang Kabupaten Indramayu West Java. The results that of the 19's types of speech act of rejection, that occurs in Parean Girang there are four types of rejection. The fourth type is the such rejection, refusal directly with a very strong reason. Second, refuse indirectly by delaying the time. Third, indirect refusal to start an apology. Fourth, rejected by the most delicate way, without using negative words. The fourth type of denial is also influenced by the educational background and profession background. This study is  not sufficient and optimal. Therefore, needs to be studied in depth to obtain optimal results. However, hopefully the results of this study could be an inspiration for students of language education

Keywords:  language choice, rejection, educate

A.     Background

Sociolinguistics as a scoping study which examined the of one of the studies using the language. The language used is happening in society multilingual environment. Language can occur multiple languages ​​in a social environment.  This paper will present the results of research on the realization of the language choice made ​​by the people residing in the rural area of ​​the District Kandanghaur Parean Girang Indramayu District. The study is based on the assumption that the recalled strongly influenced by the background language, culture, and education level.

Therefore, when in a speech carried by some people of diverse backgrounds is assessment manners must be viewed from different perception. As an illustration, what is spoken in a language as a good thing, in the language of B is not necessarily considered to be good anyway.

Should speak in a different language speakers of potential conflicts between them caused by a misunderstanding. One is the existence of a potential conflict between the interlocutor due to the lack of consideration in determining the language choice  or vocabulary used. For example, speaker A mention narrative, would be considered less manners by interlocutornya. Another example, the speakers and interlocutor’s not always be rejection. How do speakers choose the vocabulary they use to counter interlocutornya with four refuse that is the focus of this research. Hopefully researchers can reveal how nattive speakers ​​in the village area Parean Girang different native language and cultural background in terms of politeness language.

1.       Formulation
In this research, only would examine:  Is there a statement refusing to interlocutor of different mother tongues?  How utterances are used for the rejection?

2.       Population

Authors obtained data sourced from four people who was consulted about the problem under study. The four authors who make these data sources have different educational background, occupation, or cultural origin or background. The researchers say the least population can make as  resource person for several reasons, among others, that the four men had the required data has been considered adequate, in addition, given the limited time that researchers have during a field study in rural sub-district Parean Girang this Haur cages.  For a more in-depth study of four actual data source is not sufficient, however, everything possible to examine these four data sources in order to be closer to the accuracy of the research results.

3.       Instruments and Research Methodology

To explore this research material, the author uses several techniques of data collection, including:

a. observation

b. interview with a guide to multiply the speech in the form of the divergence in the form of over metaphor, namely the sentences contained in a different interlocutor rejects the mother tongue, as well as

4.       Data Processing

For data processing, the authors will use only simple calculations, the percentage of fourth rejected and compared the amount of the population studied.

B.     Framework and Language Choice

1.       Language Option Types

Studies on the realization of the language choice used, growing so fast and linguist who argues about the language choice is also so much. Some of these researchers were able to summarize the book Ralph Fasold, as follows:  

a.        code switching proposed by Herman Simon (1968) and Greenfield (1972),

b.       code mixing proposed by Gumperz (1977) and Parasher (1980),  
c.        overlap situation  Simon Herman stated,
d.       borrowing proposed by Thelander, (1976); Coupland, (1980)

In addition to the types of language options mentioned above, researchers based framework to put forward thoughts by Gile’s  with accommodations as well as the theory proposed by Blum and Gumperz metaforan theory over and over the situation.  Gile’s  with the accommodation theory suggests that the concept of property development theories alleged in language. Normally accommodation takes the form of a convergence (Gile, 1977), in terms of speakers will choose a language or language variation that looks diverse to use one. In the same situation, the speaker would be wrong to speak in the same group. In other words, a person may seek to be able to talk to all the words fit the situation and will probably pick up the conversation as though not liked by other people. This occurs when the speaker wants it stresses loyalty to the group and shut himself in the group of friends talking. This event is based on a research on the subject discussed in the previous chapter; hypothetical behavior of black Americans who deliberately use English when speaking with the black and white kkulit example, Giles, Bourhis, Taylor (1977: 323) gives another example, the first time the Arab States announced anger to English during the mid-1970s.

The following illustration of the divergent and convergent variation according to the theory of accommodation in Fasold Dimension language Giles Convergent Divergent

1)       Language outside groups such as the original speech

2)       out-group language with similarities speech
3)       Language in the same group with speaking slowly
4)       Languages ​​in the same group with a normal speaking 
5)       Community Structure

In anthropology languages choice ​​phenomenon thoughts on community structure. We will concentrate again on the category of Fishman (1979) diglossia without bilingual. This criterion divides the two communities together in a social environment, an elite group and another out-group. The use of two different languages ​​is relatively small in the communication between the two except for the English market. Pure form of diglossia without bilingual difficult to obtain, but some of the social environment with the social structure approach Fishman based thinking. In some of the social environment, the group will agree with the rules of the government elite, but can not be considered part of those said in the one community. They will not feel the need to learn the dominant group. Basically, this means that the two parts of the community in the same social environment, affect the strength of the group on it.

Contrasting social arrangement has two groups in the same social environment; one with more prestige and power than others, as in the first case. But in this case, the low status group members look over the large group category include them. They have two types of dual members. As acceptance of language variation of high and low, members of this double sederajar in life; First he became a member of the low group, whose values ​​in relevant to the home and neighbors. Which develops first, fidelity to the realization of other groups rather alien .. Two allegiance is awakened from several levels of conflict, and low status members will resolve the conflict by different paths, in terms of the purposes of the scope of the language.

In a society that researchers review the villagers Parean Girang, although not diglossia discussion about this research, but there are also implicitly different communities within the same village. According to sources the researchers, because Girang Parean village has a population of different livelihood, which is divided into three major sections, there is a group of fishermen, merchant groups, and groups of farmers. Of the three groups, it turns out they are indigenous hereditary feel differently and do not want to be generalized as a community Parean Girang, they are even in the rural areas, but among these three groups of people feel separated sociology and structure of community service. That is, a group of fishermen who were in the area north of the village (or coastal areas) felt different from the people who are in areas somewhat inland (away from the coast).  

2.       Framework for Interpreting and Translation Metaphor Gumperz situation in the Speech Community at Parean Girang

Type divert Gumperz called metaphorical. In the metaphorical appropriation, the language choice becomes a symbol or illusion to ignore the situation. In the official local communities want to use formal language. But in reality speech structur with different communities, the use of language has the potential to create a conflict. A way out, common solution is for the residents to use different language when they talk about family or general problems using their own native language or the same, but when talking with village officials or different partner groups said their mother language using a common language in the region.

The distinction between the two kinds of appropriation is crucial in the local situation, no other state in addition to membership in the community Hemnesberget is relevant. To comply with this kind of situation, Bloom and Gumperz eksperimen prepared a series of experiments'.

When a topic arises a speaker to benefit from one approach to its status as a scholar, as an example, Bookmal language to be used, even in this case meeting the friends who have all adults in Hemnesberget. What this means is that for this group, become a member of the community and the community of Norway Hemnesberget larger living both relevant, even in a situation purely local because the other two groups (Gumperz in Fasold, 2001).

In a social setting that touches the heart with their own friends are local, they are to use the term Bloom and Gumperz, 'local team' exclusive members. For young people in the third group, the Identity Norway they have finished very much a part of them that were alive at the same time with the identity of their local team, even in a social setting that touches the heart.

As a supporter of the transfer metaphor diakibat by different speech acts, researchers quoting Austin (1975) in Aminudin (2001) categorize these speech acts into four groups, which presents an overview (expositivisme), providing decision (verdictives), readiness melakuakan something (commisivisme), apply effect or power (exercitives), and reacting to the behavior of others (behabitives). In connection with the problems examined in this paper, of the four types of speech acts set forth above, the fourth speech act, which is the effectiveness of the speech act relating to the transfer of control of the situation as well as metaphors or theories that tend Gile’s  accommodation divergent or convergent. In fact, reject speech acts can be viewed as a reaction of seorangmitra said the speakers, especially in the form of command, both regular orders (commands), request, invitations\, or restrictions, expressed a readiness or unreadiness realize approval or pertidaksetujuan of interlocutor the speakers (Allan, 1986 in Aminudin, 2001).

A communication process will be carried out taking into account the various interests held by speakers and interlocutor. In addition of course, is the situation, so there is no misunderstanding between them. If this happens, then keharmmonisan communication becomes disrupted. Therefore, we should bear an unwritten rule in a communication process that must be adhered to by both parties, speakers and interlocutor.  But in reality, not all of the communication process has always managed to adhere to the rules of this speech. Speakers often violate the rules. In this case the speaker would face a difficult situation. At the time of breaking the rules komunikasiini, speakers and interlocutornya will tend divergent, and will do over metaphor. If this continues, it is not likely one of them will lose face when communicating. To reduce the level of a violation of this miscommunication, politeness language is one solution.
As ilsutrasi, researchers suggested examples occur in the Sundanese people in general, there is the reality of politeness language used depends on gender, age, educational background. Aminudin (2001) suggested that the Sundanese parents still care about the railroad rafter using alkaline (speech levels) as high politeness. While the teens, many who already do not know anymore about the steps rafter bases Sunda. As a result, often the process of communication between adolescents with parents no longer considered polite.  

C.     Analysis

1.       Description of Data

Researchers get data from a resource is obtained in two ways, namely through interview techniques and questionnaire. Interview technique is used to obtain the data in the form of secondary information relating to the data to be analyzed, this data is in the form of confessions respondent or informant. While the data obtained through the questionnaire in the form of some examples of utterances to be analyzed. The data results of this questionnaire is done to have this data is considered more accurate approach.  Acquiring this data researchers adaptation of that developed by Blum and Kulka (Aminudin, 2001), which he called discourse completion test (DCT) is used to examine the differences (and similarities) in the realization of speech acts Yahidu original language by native speakers against foreign speakers. These tests are writers assume close to what researchers want to get the results of a field study conducted in the village of sociolinguistic Parean Girang Indramayu district. This is consistent with the discussion of researchers that wish to describe the tendency of diverging and over metaphor in the speech community in the village as the embodiment of speech Parean Girang refused.

In this test, the original there are 19 (nineteen) categories were analyzed, but given the time  very short data collection and respondents surveyed were very little, then the category of nineteenth only four categories which researchers consider to be closer to the goal of this research. These four categories are statements that directly reject or say no hesitation statement, statement of delaying the decision, but did not receive a statement giving assurance, and receive but with regret.  

Here is a description of the data obtained from the author's field research.
 

	Nattive speakers	Translate
1.	Aku ora iso teko,            sebab ana seduluran	I can not because there dating my brother
2.	Aku gelem ning sesok wae	I want too but do not now
3.	Mit, aku ora iso	Sorry, I can not
4.	Dos  pundi  menawi  kagen tiang sanes	Please give it to another one

2. Data Analysis

The data is adapted into a form of speech act research conducted Aminudin (2001) developed according Blum and Kulka that:

a. The first sentence,

Aku ora iso pot, because ana seduluran¶  Sentence reject that outright denial of the contents of a good reason, in the category of Blum and Kulka including the first category, the statement immediately rejected, it is characterized by the presence of negative words such as word ' tidak', 'jangan', 'bukan", or "tidak mau".

b. The second sentence

Aku gelem sesok wae  This sentence is a sentence that its contents are not immediately rejected by and with the delay, but nevertheless it fits the context of the sentence in a discourse that is still rejected for the moment, which is characterized by the conjunction of resistance such as word  "tetapi"," namun", or "bukan" ... but ... . In the category of Blum and Kulka, this is in a category receive but regret.

c. The third sentence,

I ora iso¶  The third sentence is a sentence rejecting kangsung but in a subtle way, which is marked with the word that is not preceded by an apology or the like, which show a regret because it could not perform the request at this time. In this category of Blum and Kulka categorized refuse to regret.

d. The fourth sentence

Dos coffers menawi Kagen pole sanes¶  The fourth sentence is a statement of politely declining, although the sentence no words or statement negatiif refused, but the content and meaning of the sentence still refused. It is marked with the words ¶tolong¶, ¶nanti¶, ¶maaf¶, or ¶bagaimana if ... ¶. Sentences like this in the category of Blum and Kulka categorized refuse to regret.  In fact with four example sentences in the language statement rejected in the village area Parean Girang District of Kandanghaur this is inadequate, because theoretically, adapted from Blum and Kulka contained in Aminudin (2001), is still far from perfect.

As has been stated upfront, that this category of Blum and Kulka totaling 19 (nineteen) group rejected the statement. However, I hope that these four sentences could indicate that the village Parean third Girang revealing sentence or statement is not entirely reject the form of outright rejection, but they also can express rejection in different ways, either indirectly marked with the words  ¶maaf¶, ¶tolong¶ or ¶tetapi¶, not only with the direct statement rejecting such words ¶tidak¶, ¶bukan¶ or ¶tak mau¶ alone. Things like this show in terms of language attitudes, they are able to express statements in a more polite and courteous.
Politeness and courtesy in this language is an indicator of the level of social care in communicating with other people. Politeness also when viewed in terms of academic level showed a high understanding of the sense of the language, because people who speak politely is characteristic of the person's level of understanding and better educated than those who never learn politeness. Education in this intent is not always in the form of formal education, education could also indirectly, either from parents or from community leaders in rural districts Parean Girang Kandanghaur.  

D.    Conclusion

Similarly, the description of the research we do in the village Parean Girang Kandanghaur Indramayu District. In the description and analysis is of course a very simple yet touching the appropriate theory has been sought as much as possible though, karma to time constraints and opportunities that researchers have at the time of the study.  However, hopefully that dilakuakan researcher is a pacesetter and insights on speaking community in which there are many things that can be extracted and expressed from speech-speech community in Indonesia is very rich and diverse aspects, speech pattern, diglossia, and other speech acts. One of which is the language choice and language attitudes.  Broadly speaking, the language choice in the form of speech acts which tend divergent or interlocutor reactions that tend to resist or react negatively to these speakers can be divided into two types, namely rejecting directly and indirectly rejected. Answer interlocutor who considered rejecting or reacting negatively to these speakers if the disclosure contained in the kaempatt no words or similar words, such as ora, Nope, averse, and others.

Conversely, a positive response or reaction to the speakers if there is a yes or a similar word. For example, either or please.  However, in addition to the two forms of the answers are answers that do not express such respondent / interlocutor just silent or not to provide answers, even this is categorized as a form of rejection or negative reaction. This is so because the researchers categorize related to the cultural background of the respondents, mostly Javanese and Sundanese background is in both ethnic culture is if difficulty expressing negative answer in terms of, they will remain silent or not react. Thus the silent answer or not answer from interlocutor, researchers also considered as a negative answer or reject.  

Researchers get this Girang PArean village that the speakers who said the attitude and language rejected as a reaction to a friend he said could vary for several reasons, among other ethnic origin differences (Sunda, Java, Indramayu, Cirebon, and some are already mix ); differences in educational background in the basics of education Parean Girang residents are people who are familiar with higher education, but given the social conditions which generally tend to be lower-middle (usually their livelihood of small farmers, small fishermen, sword, beca handyman or a driver and helper ) so that only a small portion can continue their education to a higher level. Thus these factors seem to affect.

Bibliograhpy

Aminudin. 2001. Teori Sosiolinguistik. Bandung:UPI Press.

Fasold, Ralph. 2001. Sosiolinguistics.
Ganda, Nanang. 2002. Metodologi Pembelajaran untuk SMA. Bandung: UPI Press.